A 2024-es amerikai választások és a Puerto Rico voks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69705/FHS.2024.2.1.4Kulcsszavak:
Amerikai elnökválasztás, USA gyarmatai, Puerto Rico politikai státusza, amerikai biztonságpolitika, FloridaAbsztrakt
Van-e Puerto Ricónak beleszólása az elnökválasztásba? Tulajdonképpen alkotmányos értelemben nincs. Ez pont a sziget politikai státuszából fakadó demokratikus deficit és a gyarmati viszony megszüntetését követelők gyakran hangoztatott érve. A Puerto Ricó-iak több mint fele azonban ma már az Egyesült Államokban él, a legtöbben Floridában, ahol akár az ő szavazatuk is lehet a mérleg nyelve a 2024-es elnökválasztás helyi fordulójában. Ennek a közösségnek a pártválasztását a helyi érdekek és pártprogramok mellett a sziget alkotmányos státuszának megváltoztatására tett ígéretek is erősen befolyásolják, konkrétan az, melyik jelölt támogatja Puerto Rico felvételét az Egyesült Államok teljes jogú tagállamaként. Nyáron nemcsak a demokrata elnökjelölt személye változott meg, hanem mindkét párt módosította a Puerto Ricóval kapcsolatos álláspontját, miközben a karibi sziget szintén a nyár folyamán döntött arról, hogy nemcsak az elodázott „státusz-népszavazást” rendezi meg 2024 novemberében, az általános választásokkal egyidőben, de a Puerto Ricó-iak most először — mégha szimbolikusan is — az USA elnökének és alelnökének személyéről is szavaznak. E többszörösen összetett képlet dinamikáját vizsgálja a tanulmány.
Hivatkozások
Democratic Party Platform. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2016-democratic-party-platform
Democratic Party Platform. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2020-democratic-party-platform
Deomcratic Party Platform. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2024-democratic-party-platform
Republican party platform. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2024-republican-party-platform
Acevedo, N. (2024). Puerto Rico Delegates at odds with DNC platform despite unanimous support for Harris. NBC News. 2024. augusztus 23. https://www.nbcnews.com/
news/latino/dnc-platform-puerto-rico-statehood-rnc-status-rcna167783
Aleinikoff, A. T. (1994). Puerto Rico and the Constitution: Conundrums and Prospects. Constitutional Commentary. 1068, 11(15), 15–43. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/
concomm/1068
Atiles-Osoria, J. (2016). Estado de excepción interno en Puerto Rico: un análisis socio-jurídico de la crisis económica y fiscal puertorriqueña. Derecho y Crítica Social, 2(2), 151–194. https://estudogeral.uc.pt/handle/10316/41765
Balogh, B. (2006). The Status Paradox. The Development of Puerto Rico’s Legal Status from Colony to Commonwealth and Beyond. Első Század, 5(2), 11–49. http://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01639/00002/pdf/elsoszazad_2006_2_011-049.pdf
Balogh, B. (2016). U.S. Citizenship of Overseas Territories. In A. Bartnik (szerk.), Visegrad Studies on Americas: Past and Present (pp. 55–66). Ksiegarnia Akademicka.
Barter, S. (2024). November’s election may shape Puerto Rico’s future. The Hill. 2024. szeptember 23. https://thehill.com/opinion/4890854-puerto-rico-referendum-status/
Blake, A. (2019). Trump keeps talking about Puerto Rico like it isn’t the U.S. It doesn’t seem like a mistake. The Washington Post. 2019. április 12. https://www.washingtonpost.
com/politics/2019/04/02/white-houses-seemingly-deliberate-effort-otherize-puerto-rico/
Bond, D. (2017). Oil in the Caribbean: Refineries, Mangroves, and the Native Exologies of Crude Oil. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 59(3), 600–628. https://doi.org.10.1017/S0010417517000184
Brands, H. & Berg, R. C. (2021). The Return of Geopolitics: Latin America and the Caribbean in an Era of Strategic Competition. Jack Gordon Institute Research Publications, 37. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/jgi_research/37
Bush v Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000). United States Supreme Court. 2000. december 12. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/98/
Cabán, P. (2018). PROMESA, Puerto Rico and the American Empire. SUNY. Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies Faculty Scholarship, 33. https://scholarsarchive.
library.albany.edu/lacs_fac_scholar/33
Cabán, P, (2021). Puerto Rico in Crisis and the Shifting Dictates of Empire. Centro Journal. 23(1), 7–40. Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies Faculty Scholarship, 53. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/lacs_fac_scholar/53
Canales, J. (2021). New national nonprofit for Puerto Rico statehood starts push from Florida. Spectrum News 13, 2021. június 6. https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/news/
/06/04/new-nonprofits-aims-for-statehood-for-puerto-rico
Carr, R. (1984). Puerto Rico: A Colonial Experiment. Vintage Books.
Cavada, G. (2020). How Puerto Ricans in central Florida may decide the US election. The World Radio Program, 2020. szeptember 15. https://theworld.org/stories/2020-09-15/how-puerto-ricans-central-florida-may-decide-us-election
Chang-Hun, S. & Grenier, G. J. (2004). Anti-Castro Political Ideology among Cuban Americans in the Miami Area: Cohort and Generational Differences. Latino Research Notre Dame, 2(1). https://latinostudies.nd.edu/assets/95278/original/grenchun.pdf
Cole, D. 2020. New York Times: Trump considered selling Puerto Rico following Hurricane Maria, former acting Homeland Security chief says. CNN, 2020. július 12. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/12/politics/trump-puerto-rico-hurricane-maria/index.html
Comisión Estatal de Elecciones. (2021). Plepiscito General Isla 2020. https://elecciones2020.
ceepur.org/Escrutinio_General_93/index.html#es/default/PLEBISCITO_Resumen.xml
Duany, J. (2003). The Puerto Rican nation on the move: identities on the island and in the United States. University of North Carolina Press.
Duany, J. (2011). The Orlando Ricans: Overlapping Identity Discourses among Middle-Class Puerto Rican Immigrants. In Blurred Borders: Transnational Migration between the Hispanic Caribbean and the United States (pp. 105–134). University of North Carolina Press. https://doi.org/10.5149/9780807869376_duany.10
Executive Office of The President. (2022). Statement of Administration Policy, H.R. 8393 – Puerto Rico Status Act. The White House, 2022. december 15. https://www.
whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/HR8393-SAP.pdf
Figueroa, A. (2020). Florida-Puerto Rico connection highlighted as the island makes a new bid for statehood. Florida Phoenix. 2020. október 21. https://floridaphoenix.com/
/10/21/florida-puerto-rico-connection-highlighted-as-the-island-makes-a-new-bid-for-statehood/
Freddoso, D. (2022). Common Themes From the Commonwealth, 2022 Update: Puerto Rico’s growing role in Florida Politics. James Madison Institute, 2022. szeptember 19. https://www.jamesmadison.org/wpcontent/uploads/2022/09/Backgrounder_PuertoRico_9.19.22-v03-web.pdf
Gallo, K. (2020). Los puertorriqueños que viven en EE. UU. tienen un papel clave en las próximas elecciones. France24.com, 2020. október 17. https://www.france24.com/
es/ee-uu-y-canadá/20201016-puerto-rico-elecciones-estados-unidos-voto-florida
Girard, C., Grenier, G. J., & Gladwin, H. (2012). Exile Politics and Republican Party Affiliation: The Case of Cuban Americans in Miami. Social Science Quarterly, 93(1), 42–57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42864058
Gutierez, G. (2024). Puerto Rico isn’t on the 2024 map, but Biden is betting big on voters from the island. NBC News, 2024. március 22. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/puerto-rico-voters-biden-harris-trip-rcna144383
Heinrich, M. (2024). FLO23386 5L5 (A törvénytervezet előzetes szövege még a benyújtást megelőzően) https://www.heinrich.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FLO23386.pdf
H.R. 1522 – Puerto Rico Statehood Admission Act (2021–2022). 117th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1522
H.R. 2070 – Puerto Rico Self Determination Act (2021–2022). 117th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2070
Lewis, K. (2024). Kamala Harris Campaign Suggests Florida is in Play: What Polls Say. Newsweek, 2024. szeptember 19. https://www.newsweek.com/kamala-harris-campaign-suggests-florida-play-what-polls-say-1956075
Llanos, J. (2024). Douglas Emhoff to campaign for Harris in Central Florida on Friday. Florida Phoenix, 2024. szeptember 10. https://floridaphoenix.com/briefs/douglas-emhoff-to-campaign-for-kamala-harris-in-central-florida-on-friday/
Linthicum, K. (2016). Influx of Puerto Ricans could be game-changer in country’s biggest swing state. Los Angeles Times, 2016. március 9. https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-florida-campaign-puerto-ricans-20160308-story.html
Janda, K., Berry, J. M., Goldman, J. & Hula, K. (2008). The Challenge of Democracy. (8th ed.) Wadsworth.
MacEwan, A. (2016). Quantifying the Impact of 936. Center for Global Development and Sustainability, Working Paper Series 2016-4, Brandeis University. https://heller.brandeis.edu/gds/pdfs/working-papers/quantifying-impact-of-936.pdf
MAGA Inc. War Room. (2023). Power Play. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtUxwsveSjw
Marielis, A. I. (2024). Partido Demócrata en Puerto Rico hará campaña para que boricuas voten por Kamala Harris en cuarta papeleta el 5 de noviembre. El Diario New York, 2024. július 27. https://eldiariony.com/2024/07/27/partido-democrata-en-puerto-rico-hara-campana-para-que-boricuas-voten-por-kamala-harris-en-cuarta-papeleta-el-5-de-noviembre/
McCarthy, J. (2019). Americans Continue to Support Puerto Rico Statehood. Gallup, 2019. július 18. https://news.gallup.com/poll/260744/americans-continue-support-puerto-rico-statehood
Metzger, B. (2022). All but 16 House Republicans vote against bill to allow Puerto Rico to decide its future. Business Insider, 2022. december 15. https://www.businessinsider.
com/house-republicans-vote-against-puerto-rico-statehood-independence-2022-12
Morning Consult. (2017). National tracking poll #170916. https://morningconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/170916_crosstabs_pr_v1_KD.pdf
Moslimani, M. et al. (2023). Facts on Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin in the United States, 2021. Pew Reaerch Center, 2023. augusztus 16. https://www.pewresearch.org/
hispanic/fact-sheet/us-hispanics-facts-on-puerto-rican-origin-latinos/
NBC Miami. (2024). New poll shows Florida Hispanic voters back Trump over Harris for president. NBC Miami, 2024. október 1. https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/new-poll-shows-florida-hispanic-voters-back-trump-over-harris-for-president/3431055/
Norton, G. (1989). George Bush’s Caribbean Backyard. The World Today, 45(7), 124–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40396126
Ocasio-Cortez, A. 2021. Sajtóközlemény. Menendez, Velázquez, Ocasio-Cortez Introduce Puerto Rico Self-Determination Act of 2021. 2021. március 18. https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/media/press-releases/menendez-velazquez-ocasio-cortez-introduce-puerto-rico-self-determination-act
Odishelidze, A. (2022). Puerto Rico’s Sovereignty, China's Caribbean Belt and Road, and America's National Security. Bublish.
Patrick, B. (2024) Puerto Rican Voters Could Secure Republican Majority in Florida. RealClear Politics, 2024. május 25. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/
/05/25/puerto_rican_voters_could_secure_republican_majority_in_florida_151005.html
Peña, J. E., Lowe Jr., H. E., Ríos-Vargas, M. (2023). Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020. U.S. Census Bureau, 2023. szeptember 26. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html
Rahman, K. (2024). Florida GOP Says Kamala Harris’ Poll Surge ’Extremely Alarming’. Newsweek, 2024. augusztus 20. https://www.newsweek.com/florida-gop-harris-poll-surge-alarming-1941721
Repetto, M. T. (2016). Whether Puerto Rico’s Exclusion from Chapter 9 is Non-Uniform Within the Meaning of the Bankruptcy Clause of the United States Constitution. St. John’s Banruptcy Reaearch Library, 8(2). https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/
bankruptcy_research_library/149/
Report By the President’s Task Force on Puerto Rico’s Status. (2007). The White House. U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/docs/2007-report-by-the-president-task-force-on-puerto-rico-status.pdf
Report By the President’s Task Force on Puerto Rico’s Status (2011). The White House, 2011. március. National Archives. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/
files/uploads/Puerto_Rico_Task_Force_Report.pdf
Riera-Carrión, T. (2024). La Quinta Papeleta: votar republicano optimiza la ruta a la estadidad. El Nuevo Día, 2024. szeptember 19. https://www.elnuevodia.com/
opinion/punto-de-vista/la-quinta-papeleta-votar-republicano-optimiza-la-ruta-a-la-estadidad/
Rivera Sanchez, M. (2024). Se acabá el tiempo. Pulso Político: Un Bolletín de El nuevo Día, 2024. szeptember 22. (a szerző email fiókjába érkező elektronikus hírlevél)
Rodriguez, S. (2024). Harris, Trump in tense battle over Puerto Rican voters in Pennsylvania. The Washington Post, 2024. szeptember 13. https://www.washingtonpost.com/
politics/2024/09/13/harris-trump-puerto-rican-voters-pennsylvania/
Rogers, K. (2022). Biden Says Puerto Rico Will Get ‘Every Single Dollar Promised’ for Recovery. The New York Times, 2022. október 3. https://www.nytimes.com/
/10/03/us/politics/biden-puerto-rico-hurricane-fiona.html
Rosario, F. (2024). Configurada la quinta papeleta de status para las próximas elecciones. Primera Hora, 2024. július 24. https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/configurada-la-quinta-papeleta-de-status-para-las-proximas-elecciones/
Rosenberg, M. (2022). Abortion is legal but under threat in Puerto Rico NPR, 2022. október 22. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/03/1125170596/abortion-puerto-rico-policy-opposition-rights
Ros-Lehtinen, I. (2022). Guest Commentary on Puerto Rican Vote. Orlando Sentinel, 2022. november 5. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/opinion/guest-commentary/os-op-puerto-rican-vote-ileana-ros-lehtinen-20221105-mgd7jg2o6jendm65637bjcxhey-story.html
Shabecoff, P. President Proposes Puerto Rican State, Urges U.S. Initiative. The New York Times, 1977. január 1. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/01/archives/president-proposes-puerto-rican-state-urges-us-initiative-plan.html
Shoaib, Alia. (2024). Mitch McConnell Outlines His Three Fears if Kamala Harris Wins. Newsweek, 2024. augusztus 14. https://www.newsweek.com/mitch-mcconnell-kamala-harris-presidency-fears-1939051
Sloane, R. D. & Lawson, G. S. (2009). The Constitutionality of Decolonization by Associated Statehood: Puerto Rico's Legal Status Reconsidered. Boston College Law Review, 50(1), 1–71. https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/581
Sotomayor, M. E. (2020). Reproductive Rights in Puerto Rico: Sterilization, Contraception, and Reproductive Violence [PhD-disszertáció]. University of Wisconsin. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2601
The White House (2023). FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Steadfast in Support of Puerto Rico’s Renewal. The White House, 2023. június 26. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/26/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-steadfast-in-support-of-puerto-ricos-renewal/
Thomas, K. (2018). Trump: No statehood for Puerto Rico with critics in office. Associated Press. 2018. szeptember 24. https://apnews.com/article/6e16c132957e484ea96437c065ccab97
Torruella, J. R. (2007) The Insular Cases: The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 29(2), 283–347. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol29/iss2/1
UnidosUS. (2023). National Survey of Latino Voters. 2023. november. https://unidosus.org/wpcontent/uploads/2023/11/unidosus_national_surveyoflatinovoters.pdf
Valle, A. J. (2022). “He begins by targeting Mexicans and he will end with Puerto Ricans”: Unpacking Florida Puerto Ricans’ politics of immigration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(16), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2052142
Williams Walsh, M. (2016). Puerto Rico Fights for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy in Supreme Court. The New York Times, 2016. március 22. https://www.nytimes.com/
/03/23/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-fights-for-chapter-9-bankruptcy-in-supreme-court.html
Wilson, K (2024). Statehood activists push for Puerto Rico status vote. Capital News Service, 2024. május 15. https://cnsmaryland.org/2024/05/15/statehood-activists-push-for-puerto-rico-status-vote/
Letöltések
Megjelent
Folyóirat szám
Rovat
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Beatrix Balogh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
