From functionality to artwork: The evolution of papal swords as part of the consecrated sword and turban

Abstract

The study examines the formal and functional evolution of papal swords within the tradition of the blessed sword and hat. It seeks to determine whether an evolutionary trajectory is discernible, the extent to which these objects can be considered works of art, and at what point they diverged from their original function as weapons. The pope would bless the sword during the Christmas liturgy and subsequently bestow it upon rulers or privileged individuals. The sword, hat, and belt formed a unified symbolic system expressing the transmission of papal approval and power.The tradition persisted from the mid-14th century until 1825, although its origins remain somewhat obscure. Given the scarcity of surviving examples and the difficulty of precisely defining this group of objects, the author establishes criteria for their identification. Symbolically, the sword represents active defense, while the cap signifies divine protection. As part of this prestigious gift the papal swords gradually evolved into objects of ceremony and prestige. From the late 15th century onwards, the artistic nature of these objects became more pronounced, and the role of the goldsmiths grew in importance. During the pontificate of Julius II, these swords became instruments of politics and diplomacy. Overall, the evolution of papal ceremonial swords shows a progression from liturgical weapons towards independent works of art and diplomatic gifts.